DOTS in China – removing barriers or moving barriers?
1School of Public Health, Fudan University, China, 2Division of International Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, 3Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, UK and 4School of Business, Malardalen University, Sweden
Correspondence: Biao Xu, MD, MPH, PhD, Professor of Epidemiology, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. Tel: +86 21 5423 7710; Fax: +86 21 6305 2506; E-mail: bxu{at}shmu.edu.cn or Catherinexu61{at}yahoo.com
In 1992, China initiated its modern National TB Control Programme (NTP) with DOTS strategy through a project funded by a World Bank loan. Key motives for the revised NTP-DOTS were to reduce financial barriers to patients by removing fee charges for diagnosis and treatment, and to address regressive suppliers’ incentives for appropriate referrals. This study aims to assess to what extent China's NTP subsidies are achieving the objective of removing financial barriers to care in terms of patients’ expenditure.
One county with NTP-DOTS – Jianhu – and one county without – Funing – were selected. A cohort of 493 tuberculosis patients newly diagnosed in 2002 was interviewed by questionnaire. The main outcome measure was tuberculosis patients’ expenditure on medical care and transportation/accommodation from the onset of symptoms to treatment completion. During the follow-up period, Funing started implementing NTP-DOTS, which offered a possibility of longitudinal comparison both between counties and within county.
Ninety-four per cent (465/493) of subjects were followed-up. The mean total patient's expenditure on TB medical care and transportation/accommodation before TB diagnosis was higher in Jianhu than in Funing (715 vs. 256CNY), whereas it was higher in Funing (835 vs. 157CNY) after diagnosis. After implementing NTP-DOTS in Funing, expenditure after diagnosis decreased slightly whereas expenditure before diagnosis increased remarkably.
We found that the market incentive structures in the reformed health system appear to have a stronger regressive effect and may result in prolonged delays before effective treatment can be given. We believe that doctors adapt to new incentive structures, with bonus income being linked to the hospitals’ fee-for-service revenue, and find new ways of keeping revenue at the old levels, which reduce or eliminate the intended effect of the subsidies. TB patients suffer a heavy economic burden even in counties where NTP-DOTS treatment is subsidized. The total patient expenditure was reduced only marginally, but shifted substantially from after diagnosis to before diagnosis. The shift could imply delays in diagnosis and treatment with an increased risk of infection transmission.
Key Words: China, tuberculosis, control programme, expenditure, access, health care financing, poverty
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